How Does Social Security Decide Whether You Qualify for Disability?
SSA considers you disabled if a medical condition keeps you from substantial work and is expected to last at least 12 months or result in death. The agency applies that standard through five questions asked in order, stopping as soon as it can decide.
The five questions are:
- Are you working and earning above the monthly substantial gainful activity limit?
- Is your condition severe enough to limit basic work activities like standing, lifting, or concentrating?
- Does your condition meet or equal one in SSA’s Listing of Impairments?
- Can you still do any work you have done in the past five years?
- Considering your age, education, and skills, can you adjust to any other work?
A condition does not have to match a listing word for word, so a claim that falls short at step three can still be approved at step five. Steps four and five depend on your residual functional capacity, which is SSA’s assessment of the most you can still do despite your limits.
What Is Residual Functional Capacity?
Residual functional capacity describes how long you can sit, stand, and walk, how much you can lift, and whether you need breaks, absences, or time off task. SSA builds it from your medical records, your own statements, and any opinions your doctors provide.
Small details in that assessment can decide a claim. Needing to lie down during the day, missing work regularly, being off task, or being unable to use your hands for fine work can significantly reduce the number of jobs SSA finds you able to perform.
How Does Age Affect a Social Security Disability Claim?
Age matters at step five, because SSA’s rules treat older workers as less able to switch to new kinds of work. Claimants 50 and older, and especially those 55 and older, can sometimes be approved even when they could still do some lighter work.
Why Work History Counts After 50
SSA uses medical-vocational guidelines, often called the grid rules, that combine your age, education, past work, and residual functional capacity. For someone in their 50s whose work history is mill floors and warehouse docks, a limit to sedentary or light work can lead to an approval.
What Younger Claimants Need to Show
For claimants under 50, SSA generally considers age less of a barrier to adjusting to other work. A strong claim therefore needs evidence showing that your physical or mental limitations leave you unable to perform other jobs on a regular and sustained basis.
Limits involving concentration, attendance, use of your hands, or the need to change positions or take extra breaks can affect what work SSA finds you able to perform.